2V0-71.23 VMware Tanzu for Kubernetes Operations Professional Questions and Answers

A VM class in VMware vSphere with Tanzu specifies the CPU, memory, and resource reservations for a VM10. vSphere with Tanzu offers several preconfigured VM classes which you can use as is, edit, or delete. You can also create custom VM classes in your vCenter Server instance and it will be available to all Supervisor Clusters and the namespaces created in these clusters11.

When you create or edit a VM class, you can configure the following attributes:

• Name: A unique DNS compliant name that identifies the VM class.
• vCPU Count: The number of virtual CPUs (vCPUs) for a VM. This is a VM hardware configuration.
• CPU Resource Reservation: The guaranteed minimum CPU resource allocation for a VM. This value is expressed in percentage (%).
• Memory: The memory configured for a VM in MB, GB, or TB. This is a VM hardware configuration.
• Memory Resource Reservation: The guaranteed minimum memory resource allocation for a VM. This value is expressed in percentage (%).
• Storage: The storage configured for a VM in MB, GB, or TB. This is a VM hardware configuration.

The other options are incorrect because:

• Network is not an attribute that can be configured in a VM class. Network configuration is done at the namespace level by using network policies12.
• Operating system is not an attribute that can be configured in a VM class. Operating system configuration is done at the image level by using content libraries.
• PCI devices are not an attribute that can be configured in a VM class. PCI devices are not supported by vSphere with Tanzu.

References: VM Classes, Create a Custom VM Class, Network Policies, [Content Libraries]

VMware Aria Operations for Applications (formerly known as Tanzu Observability) is a unified observability platform that provides full-stack visibility using metrics, traces, and logs across distributed applications, application services, container services, and multi-cloud environments. Some of the capabilities of VMware Aria Operations for Applications are:

• Create alerts: Users can monitor for certain behaviors and get smart notifications based on query conditions. Users can create alerts independently or directly from charts, and use advanced and accurate alerting powered by AI/analytics and query language1.
• Create charts and dashboards: Users can visualize their data based on query results in various chart types (such as line plot, point plot, table, pie chart, etc.) and organize them in dashboards. Users can also interact with charts and dashboards in real time, such as zoom in, zoom out, change the time window, change the focus, and so on1.
• Create queries: Users can use the Wavefront Query Language (WQL) to extract the information they need from their data. Users can use the Chart Builder for easy query creation or the Query Editor for advanced query editing. Users can also use functions, operators, variables, macros, and expressions to manipulate their data1.

References: VMware Aria Operations for Applications Documentation, Unified Observability Platform by VMware Aria Operations for Applications

Node groups and service groups are two kinds of resource groups that can be created to collect and manage objects in VMware Tanzu Service Mesh. A resource group is a collection of cluster resources of a specific type that share specific characteristics. Resource groups help enforce policies and monitor the performance of resources in a single global namespace or across your entire organization7. A node group collects nodes that meet certain criteria, such as running in a specific region or having certain labels. A service group collects services that meet certain criteria, such as having a specific name prefix or belonging to a specific namespace.

The other options are incorrect because:

• Cluster groups are not a valid kind of resource group in VMware Tanzu Service Mesh. Clusters are not considered as resources in Tanzu Service Mesh.
• Security groups are not a valid kind of resource group in VMware Tanzu Service Mesh. Security groups are used to define network access rules for resources in some cloud platforms8, but they are not part of Tanzu Service Mesh.
• API groups are not a valid kind of resource group in VMware Tanzu Service Mesh. API groups are used to organize Kubernetes resources into categories based on their API versions9, but they are not part of Tanzu Service Mesh.

References: Resource Groups, Security Groups, API Groups

VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid is an enterprise-ready Kubernetes runtime that streamlines operations across multi-cloud infrastructure1. Tanzu Kubernetes Grid natively integrates with the following VMware products:

• NSX Advanced Load Balancer: A solution that provides L4 and L7 load balancing and ingress control for Kubernetes clusters. NSX Advanced Load Balancer can be used as the default load balancer provider for both management and workload clusters on vSphere, AWS, Azure, and other platforms2.
• NSX-T Data Center: A network virtualization and security platform that provides consistent networking and security for applications running across private and public clouds. NSX-T Data Center can be used as the default network plugin for both management and workload clusters on vSphere, AWS, Azure, and other platforms3.
• vSphere with VMware Tanzu: A solution that enables you to run Kubernetes workloads natively on a vSphere cluster, and to provision and manage Kubernetes clusters using the vSphere Client. vSphere with VMware Tanzu can be used as the platform to deploy Tanzu Kubernetes Grid management clusters and workload clusters4.

The other options are incorrect because:

• BOSH is an open-source tool that provides release engineering, deployment, lifecycle management, and monitoring of distributed systems. BOSH is not a VMware product, nor does it natively integrate with Tanzu Kubernetes Grid5.
• vRealize Network Insight is a solution that delivers intelligent operations for software-defined networking and security. It helps optimize network performance and availability with visibility and analytics across virtual and physical networks. vRealize Network Insight is not natively integrated with Tanzu Kubernetes Grid6.
• Tanzu Mission Control is a centralized management platform for consistently operating and securing your Kubernetes infrastructure and modern applications across multiple teams and clouds. Tanzu Mission Control is not natively integrated with Tanzu Kubernetes Grid, but rather works with it as a separate product7.

References: VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Overview, NSX Advanced Load Balancer, NSX-T Data Center, vSphere with VMware Tanzu, BOSH, vRealize Network Insight, Tanzu Mission Control Overview

A service mesh is a dedicated infrastructure layer that you can add to your applications to provide capabilities like observability, traffic management, and security, without adding them to your own code. A service mesh consists of network proxies paired with each service in an application and a set of management processes. The proxies are called the data plane and the management processes are called the control plane. The data plane intercepts calls between different services and processes them; the control plane is the brain of the mesh that configures and monitors the data plane1. A service mesh makes communication between applications possible, structured, and observable by providing features such as load balancing, service discovery, encryption, authentication, authorization, routing, retries, timeouts, fault injection, metrics, logs, and traces2.

The other options are incorrect because:

• Provides dynamic application load balancing and autoscaling across multiple clusters and multiple sites is a description of VMware Tanzu Service Mesh Global Namespaces feature3, which is built on top of a service mesh. It is not the purpose of a service mesh in general.
• Provides a centralized, global routing table to simplify and optimize traffic management is a description of VMware Tanzu Service Mesh Global Mesh Network feature4, which is also built on top of a service mesh. It is not the purpose of a service mesh in general.
• Provides service discovery across multiple clusters is a partial description of a service mesh, but it does not capture the full scope of its purpose. Service discovery is one of the features that a service mesh provides, but it is not the only one.

References: What’s a service mesh?, The Istio service mesh, Service mesh - Wikipedia

VMware Tanzu Service Mesh Advanced is the VMware product UI that allows browsing Global Namespace Topology. A Global Namespace is a logical group of services that span multiple clusters and clouds, providing consistent service discovery, security, and observability10. A Global Namespace Topology is a graphical representation of the services and their connections in a Global Namespace, showing the key metrics and health status of each service11. To browse the Global Namespace Topology, an administrator can use the Tanzu Service Mesh Console, which is the web-based user interface for managing Tanzu Service Mesh12.

The other options are incorrect because:

• NSX Advanced Load Balancer is a VMware product that provides load balancing, web application firewall, and container ingress services for applications across various data centers and clouds13. It does not allow browsing Global Namespace Topology.
• NSX is a VMware product that provides network virtualization and security for applications across various data centers and clouds. It does not allow browsing Global Namespace Topology.
• Tanzu Mission Control is a VMware product that provides centralized management and governance for Kubernetes clusters across multiple teams and clouds. It does not allow browsing Global Namespace Topology.

References: Global Namespaces, View the Topology of Services in a Global Namespace or a Cluster, Tanzu Service Mesh Console Overview, NSX Advanced Load Balancer Overview, [NSX-T Data Center Overview], [Tanzu Mission Control Overview]

The Tanzu CLI is a command-line tool that enables users to interact with VMware Tanzu products and services. It must be installed upfront to deploy VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid management cluster, as it provides commands to create, configure, scale, upgrade, and delete management clusters on different platforms. The Tanzu CLI also allows users to create workload clusters from the management cluster, and to perform various operations on both types of clusters. References: VMware Tanzu CLI Documentation, [Deploying Management Clusters with the Tanzu CLI]

vSphere with Tanzu storage policies are converted to storage classes when they are assigned to namespaces. A storage class is a Kubernetes object that defines a set of parameters for provisioning persistent volumes1. A storage policy is a vSphere object that defines thecharacteristics of the underlying storage for a given workload2. When a vSphere administrator assigns a storage policy to a namespace, vSphere with Tanzu automatically creates a corresponding storage class in the namespace with the same name as the storage policy3. The storage class references the storage policy ID and allows DevOps engineers to use the storage policy for dynamic provisioning of persistent volumes3. References: Storage Classes - Kubernetes, Create Storage Policies for vSphere with Tanzu - VMware Docs, Assign Storage Policies to Namespaces - VMware Docs

To create a vSphere Namespace, the correct steps are to use the vSphere web client, select Workload Management, select Namespaces tab, and click Create Namespace. A vSphere Namespace is a logical grouping of Kubernetes resources that can be used to isolate and manage workloads on a Supervisor Cluster1. To create a vSphere Namespace, a user needs to have the vSphere Client and the required privileges to access the Workload Management menu and the Namespaces tab2. From there, the user can select the Supervisor Cluster where to place the namespace, enter a name for the namespace, configure the network settings, set the resource limits, assign permissions, and enable services for the namespace2. References: Create and Configure a vSphere Namespace - VMware Docs, vSphere with Tanzu Concepts - VMware Docs

Two statements about the NSX Advanced Load Balancer are correct:

• It can be configured as the VIP endpoint for the management cluster on vSphere. The VIP endpoint is the IP address that clients use to access the Kubernetes API server on the management cluster. By default, this IP address is assigned by DHCP, but it can also be configured manually or by using a load balancer. Using a load balancer provides high availability and scalability for the VIP endpoint. NSX Advanced Load Balancer can be used as the load balancer provider for the VIP endpoint by creating a virtual service that points to the control plane nodes of the management cluster5.
• It can be configured as a load balancer for workloads in the clusters that are deployed on vSphere. Workload clusters are Kubernetes clusters that run user workloads on vSphere with Tanzu. Workload clusters require a load balancer to expose services of type LoadBalancer to external clients. NSX Advanced Load Balancer can be used as the load balancer provider for workload clusters by deploying an Avi Kubernetes Service (AKS) pod on each cluster node. The AKS pod acts as an ingress controller that communicates with the NSX Advanced Load Balancer Controller and creates virtual services for each service of type LoadBalancer6.

The other options are incorrect because:

• It can only be used if Antrea CNI is installed on the workload cluster is false. Antrea is one of the supported Container Network Interface (CNI) plugins for workload clusters on vSphere with Tanzu, but it is not mandatory to use it with NSX Advanced Load Balancer. Other CNI plugins, such as Calico or Flannel, can also work with NSX Advanced Load Balancer7.
• It only supports the service type LoadBalancer is false. NSX Advanced Load Balancer supports other service types as well, such as ClusterIP and NodePort. These service types can be used to expose services within or across clusters without requiring an external load balancer8.
• It is natively integrated with Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Amazon Web Services EC2 deployments is false. NSX Advanced Load Balancer is not natively integrated with Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Amazon Web Services EC2 deployments. Tanzu Kubernetes Grid on AWS uses the AWS Elastic Load Balancing service as the default load balancer provider for both management and workload clusters9.

References: Configure the VIP Endpoint for the Management Cluster, Deploy and Configure NSX Advanced Load Balancer as a Load Balancer for Workload Clusters, Supported CNI Plugins, Service Types, Load Balancing on AWS

The statement that correctly describes the Cluster API is that it is a specialized toolset to bring declarative, Kubernetes-style APIs to cluster creation, configuration, and management in theKubernetes ecosystem. Cluster API is a Kubernetes sub-project that provides declarative APIs and tooling to simplify provisioning, upgrading, and operating multiple Kubernetes clusters5. Cluster API uses a set of custom resource definitions (CRDs) to represent clusters, machines, and other objects. Cluster API also relies on providers to implement the logic for interacting with different infrastructure platforms5. References: Introduction - The Cluster API Book

The command that can be used to upgrade a VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Cluster that is managed by VMware Tanzu Mission Control is tmc cluster upgrade [version] . This command allows you to upgrade a managed cluster to a newer version of Kubernetes that is supported by Tanzu Mission Control5. The version flag is optional and specifies the target version of Kubernetes. If not specified, the command upgrades the cluster to the latest available version5. The clustername argument is required and specifies the name of the cluster to upgrade5. References: Upgrade Kubernetes on Your Cluster - VMware Docs

A prerequisite for cert-manager installation is to obtain the admin credentials of the target workload cluster. Cert-manager is a tool that automates the management and issuance of TLS certificates within Kubernetes clusters3. To install cert-manager, users need to have access to the cluster where they want to deploy it, and have the necessary permissions to create resources such as namespaces, custom resource definitions, deployments, services, and secrets3. Users can obtain the admin credentials of the target workload cluster by using the tanzu cluster kubeconfig get command with the --admin option4. This command generates a kubeconfig file that contains the admin credentials for the cluster, which can be used to authenticate with the cluster and perform cert-manager installation4. References: Installation - cert-manager Documentation, Deploy Workload Clusters - VMware Docs

Multus is an open-source container network interface plugin for Kubernetes that enables attaching multiple network interfaces to pods. Contour is an open-source Kubernetes ingress controller that provides dynamic configuration updates and makes use of the Envoy proxy as a data plane. By installing these two packages in a VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid cluster, an administrator can create a pod with two interfaces and use Contour to route the application and management traffic to different networks.

The other options are incorrect because:

• external-dns is a package that synchronizes exposed Kubernetes services and ingresses with DNS providers. It does not provide multiple interfaces for pods.
• cert-manager is a package that automates the management and issuance of TLS certificates from various sources. It does not provide multiple interfaces for pods.
• qrafana is not a valid package name. The correct spelling is Grafana, which is a package that provides visualization and analytics for metrics collected by Prometheus. It does not provide multiple interfaces for pods.

References: Install Multus and Whereabouts for Container Networking, Install Contour for Ingress

A tool that can be used to backup and restore workloads on clusters provisioned by the VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Service is the Velero Plugin for VMware vSphere. The Velero Plugin for VMware vSphere is an extension of Velero, an open source tool that performs backup and restore of Kubernetes resources and persistent volumes5. The plugin leverages the snapshot capabilities of vSphere to create backups of Kubernetes workloads running on vSphere-managed infrastructure, such as VMware Cloud on AWS or VMware Cloud on Dell EMC5. The plugin also supports restoring backups to the same or different clusters, as well as migrating workloads across clusters5. References: Velero Plugin for VMware vSphere Documentation