CFR-410 CyberSec First Responder (CFR) Exam Questions and Answers

After completing the recovery phase of a cyber incident, the incident response team should conduct lessons learned. This phase involves reviewing the incident to identify what went well, what could be improved, and how to better prepare for future incidents. This helps improve incident response processes, policies, and defenses moving forward.

Separation of duties involves dividing responsibilities so that no single individual has control over all aspects of a task. This practice is used to prevent fraud, errors, or misuse by ensuring that multiple individuals are required to complete critical tasks.

Encryption works by converting data into an unreadable format using a cryptographic algorithm and a key. The information can only be decrypted and returned to its original, readable form by someone who possesses the correct decryption key. This ensures that even if an attacker gains access to the encrypted data, they won't be able to make sense of it without the proper key.

Offsite backups provide the best chance for data recovery after a ransomware attack. Since the critical documents and files are encrypted, having backups stored in a secure offsite location allows the organization to restore the files without having to rely on paying the ransom or trying to recover the data from the compromised system.

FileVault is the encryption technology built into Mac OS X (and later macOS). It provides full disk encryption to protect data by encrypting the entire disk using XTS-AES-128 encryption with a 256-bit key.

Exposure refers to an asset's susceptibility to damage or loss due to a threat. It represents the potential for a threat to exploit a vulnerability and cause harm or compromise to the asset.

A procedure is a set of detailed, step-by-step instructions that guide users through specific tasks. In this case, the system administrator is creating instructions for patching managed assets, which qualifies as a procedure. It outlines the exact steps to be followed to accomplish a particular task.

Hashing and time-stamping are used to ensure the integrity of electronic evidence. By generating a hash value and recording a time stamp, it is possible to verify that the evidence has not been altered or tampered with, maintaining its authenticity and trustworthiness during investigations.

Baseline security refers to the established set of security measures and configurations that an organization considers to be the minimum level of security for its systems. This baseline is used as a reference point to ensure systems remain secure and to identify when changes or vulnerabilities occur.

The "right to be forgotten" is a core tenet of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which is a privacy and data protection law in the European Union. This right allows individuals to request the deletion of their personal data from organizations' records under certain conditions, ensuring privacy and control over their personal information.

Static Analysis: Involves examining the binary code without executing it, helping to identify potentially malicious code, vulnerabilities, or patterns in the file's structure.

Dynamic Analysis: Involves executing the binary in a controlled environment to observe its behavior, interactions, and effects, which is useful for identifying how the binary functions in real time.

Brute force attack: This method involves trying all possible combinations of characters until the correct password is found.

Hybrid attack: This is a combination of both dictionary and brute force attacks, where common words are tried first, followed by variations.

Dictionary attack: This method uses a precompiled list of words (a dictionary) to guess a password, often targeting common words or phrases.

Static analysis involves examining the code without execution, such as looking for vulnerabilities in the code's structure or logic. It helps determine everything the program can potentially do, while dynamic analysis focuses on observing the program's actual behavior during execution with specific inputs in a given environment.

Static analysis examines the binary without executing it, often using reverse engineering techniques, while dynamic analysis requires the program to be run in order to observe its real-time behavior and interactions.

The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) sets regulations and standards for the reliability and security of the bulk power system in the United States. Public utility providers in the energy sector must comply with NERC standards to ensure operational safety and prevent disruptions.

Section: (none)

Explanation

Severity level: Vulnerability scanners classify vulnerabilities based on their severity (e.g., critical, high, medium, low) to help prioritize remediation efforts.

Zero days: Vulnerability scanners also identify "zero-day" vulnerabilities, which are previously unknown vulnerabilities that have no known fix or patch at the time of discovery.

Implementing periodic tests of backups ensures that the backups are functional and reliable when they are needed. Regular testing helps verify that the data can be restored successfully and that the backup process is working correctly, which is crucial for effective recovery from an attack like ransomware.

Single firewall: A single firewall is the simplest method for designing a DMZ network, where a firewall is placed between the internal network and the external network (internet), controlling traffic to and from the DMZ.

Dual firewall: A dual firewall setup uses two firewalls, one between the internal network and the DMZ, and the other between the DMZ and the external network. This adds an extra layer of security.

According to SANS, an incident retrospective should be performed no later than two weeks from the end of the incident. This allows the team to review the response, identify lessons learned, and improve future incident handling while the details are still fresh.

Random Access Memory (RAM) is considered the most volatile type of digital evidence because it is temporary storage that is wiped clean when the system is powered off or restarted. This makes it crucial for investigators to capture RAM contents as quickly as possible during an incident response, as it can contain valuable evidence, such as running processes and network connections.

To help identify lessons learned and follow-up action: Post-incident reviews are critical for analyzing what went well and what could be improved, allowing the organization to apply lessons learned to future incidents.

To help prevent an incident recurrence: The review process helps identify weaknesses or gaps in the security posture, leading to actions that can prevent similar incidents from happening again in the future.

The primary role of an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is to detect potential threats or suspicious activities on a network. It monitors network traffic and system activities, identifying possible attacks or breaches, and alerts administrators without actively blocking malicious traffic.

RAW(DD): This format is a sector-by-sector copy of a disk and is commonly used for evidence collection in digital forensics.

E01: The E01 format is a popular disk image format that includes features like compression, encryption, and hash verification, commonly used in evidence collection.

AFF: The Advanced Forensic Format (AFF) is another disk image format used in forensics, offering features like compression and metadata.

sha256sum: This tool calculates the SHA-256 hash of a file, which can be used for integrity verification by comparing the hash value with a known, trusted value.

md5sum: This tool calculates the MD5 hash of a file, which can also be used to verify its integrity by checking against a known hash value.

md5deep: This is a tool that provides recursive MD5 hash calculation, which can be useful for verifying the integrity of multiple files at once.

The information security incident triage and processing function in the CSIRT framework is responsible for the initial review, categorization, prioritization, and processing of reported security incidents. This ensures that incidents are handled promptly and efficiently, with appropriate resources allocated based on their severity and impact.

Port 3306 is commonly associated with the MySQL database service. MySQL uses this port for client-server communication to query and manage databases.

An Incident Response Plan (IRP) helps IT security staff detect, respond to, and recover from a cyber attack. It outlines procedures for identifying and managing security incidents, minimizing damage, and restoring systems to normal operations. This plan is essential for an organization's ability to effectively handle cybersecurity threats.