H13-311_V3.5 HCIA-AI V3.5 Exam Questions and Answers

Google introduced the concept of the knowledge graph in 2012, and it played a significant role in improving the search engine's ability to understand the relationships between different entities (e.g., people, places, things). This allowed Google to provide richer, more relevant search results by moving from keyword-based search to a more semantic understanding of the user's query. The knowledge graph helps organize information in a more structured way, making it easier for users to find relevant answers quickly and enhancing the overall search experience.

HCIA AI References:

AI Overview: Discusses the impact of knowledge graphs on search engines and their importance in improving AI-driven user experiences.

Cutting-edge AI Applications: Provides insights into how knowledge graphs are applied in AI systems for improving information retrieval.

The pad_mode parameter in mindspore.nn.Conv2d() can take values such as:

same: Ensures the output has the same spatial dimensions as the input.

valid: Performs convolution without padding, resulting in an output smaller than the input.

Other values like "pad" and "nopadding" are not valid options for the pad_mode parameter.

The nn module in MindSpore provides essential tools for building neural networks, including:

C. Optimizers: such as Momentum and Adam, which are used to adjust the weights of the model during training.

D. Loss functions: such as MSELoss (Mean Squared Error Loss) and SoftmaxCrossEntropyWithLogits, which are used to compute the difference between predicted and actual values.

The other options are incorrect because:

A. Hyperparameter search modes (like GridSearch and RandomSearch) are typically found in model training and tuning modules, but not in the nn module.

B. Model evaluation indicators like F1 Score and AUC are also handled by specific evaluation functions or libraries outside the nn module.

HCIA AI References:

AI Development Framework: Detailed coverage of MindSpore’s nn module, its optimizers, and loss functions.

Introduction to Huawei AI Platforms: Explains various MindSpore features, including network construction and training.

AI is not limited to just computer vision and speech processing. In addition to these fields, AI encompasses other important areas such as natural language processing (NLP), robotics, smart finance, autonomous driving, and more. Natural language processing focuses on understanding and generating human language, while other fields apply AI to various industries and applications such as healthcare, finance, and manufacturing. AI is a broad field with numerous application areas.

The global gradient descent algorithm evaluates the gradient over the entire dataset before each update, leading to accurate but slow convergence, especially for large datasets. In contrast, stochastic gradient descent updates the model parameters more frequently, which allows for faster convergence but with noisier updates. While batch gradient descent updates the parameters based on smaller batches of data, none of these algorithms can fully guarantee finding the global minimum in non-convex problems, where local minima may exist.

In machine learning:

The testing set is a dataset used after training to evaluate the model’s performance and generalization ability. Each sample in this set is called a test sample.

A dataset generally has multiple dimensions, with each dimension representing a feature or attribute of the data.

A typical machine learning process divides the data into a training set (to train the model), a validation set (to tune hyperparameters and avoid overfitting), and a test set (to evaluate the model’s final performance).

The statement that the validation set and test set are the same is false because they serve different purposes: validation is for hyperparameter tuning, while testing is for final model evaluation.

The gradient descent method is a core optimization technique in machine learning, particularly for neural networks and deep learning models. The common gradient descent methods include:

Batch Gradient Descent (BGD): Updates the model parameters after computing the gradients from the entire dataset.

Mini-batch Gradient Descent (MBGD): Updates the model parameters using a small batch of data, combining the benefits of both batch and stochastic gradient descent.

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD): Updates the model parameters for each individual data point, leading to faster but noisier updates.

Multi-dimensional gradient descent is not a recognized method in AI or machine learning.

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) presents the most chaotic landscape on the loss surface because it updates the model parameters for each individual training example, which can introduce a significant amount of noise into the optimization process. This leads to a less smooth and more chaotic path toward the global minimum compared to methods like batch gradient descent or mini-batch gradient descent, which provide more stable updates.

In MindSpore, callbacks can be used in various scenarios such as:

Early stopping: To stop training when the performance plateaus or certain criteria are met.

Saving model parameters: To save checkpoints during or after training using the ModelCheckpoint callback.

Monitoring loss values: To keep track of loss values during training using LossMonitor, allowing interventions if necessary.

Adjusting the activation function is not a typical use case for callbacks, as activation functions are usually set during model definition.

The mean squared error (MSE) loss function is primarily used for regression problems, where the goal is to minimize the difference between the predicted and actual continuous values. For classification problems, where the target output is categorical (e.g., binary or multi-class labels), loss functions like cross-entropy are more suitable, as they are designed to handle the probabilistic interpretation of outputs in classification tasks.

Using MSE for classification could lead to inefficient training because it doesn't capture the probabilistic relationships required for classification tasks.

Nesterov Accelerated Gradient (NAG) is indeed a variant of the momentum optimizer. In the traditional momentum method, the gradient is used to adjust the direction based on the current momentum. Nesterov, on the other hand, anticipates the change in the momentum by calculating the gradient at a slightly altered position. This small adjustment leads to better convergence and more efficient optimization, especially in non-convex problems.

Momentum methods and their variants like Nesterov are commonly discussed in the optimization strategies for neural networks, including frameworks such as TensorFlow, which is covered in Huawei's HCIA AI courses.

HCIA AI References:

Deep Learning Overview: Discussion of optimization algorithms, including gradient descent variants like Momentum and Nesterov.

AI Development Framework: Explains the use of Nesterov in deep learning frameworks such as TensorFlow and PyTorch.

Logistic regression is not a solution for underfitting in regression models, as it is used primarily for classification problems rather than regression tasks. If underfitting occurs, it means that the model is too simple to capture the underlying patterns in the data. Solutions include using a more complex regression model like polynomial regression or increasing the number of features in the dataset.

Other options like adding a regularization term for overfitting (Lasso or Ridge) and using data cleansing and feature engineering are correct methods for improving model performance.

Based on the image you've described, here's how the inputs and outputs of a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) should be matched:

Gaussian white noise vector: This is typically used as an Input to the generator in GANs. The generator uses this random noise vector to produce synthetic data.

Sample data vector: This is an Input to the discriminator. The discriminator in a GAN receives either real data from the training set or fake data generated by the generator to determine its authenticity.

Real sample data or generated sample data: This is the Output from the generator. The generator creates synthetic data that mimics the real training data, which is then fed into the discriminator.

True or false: This is the Output from the discriminator. The discriminator outputs a judgment about whether the input data it received (either from real datasets or generated by the generator) is real (true) or fake (false).

These matches align with how GANs are designed to operate, with the generator creating data and the discriminator evaluating it.

Feedforward neural networks (FNNs) are networks where information moves in only one direction—forward—from the input nodes through hidden layers to the output nodes. Both fully-connected neural networks (where each neuron in one layer connects to every neuron in the next) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) (which have a specific architecture for image data) are examples of feedforward networks.

However, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and Boltzmann machines are not feedforward networks. RNNs include loops where information can be fed back into previous layers, and Boltzmann machines involve undirected connections between units, making them a form of a stochastic network rather than a feedforward structure.

Huawei Cloud EI (Enterprise Intelligence) provides a variety of AI services and platforms, including knowledge graph, OCR (Optical Character Recognition), machine translation, and the Celia virtual assistant development platform. These services enable businesses to integrate AI capabilities such as language processing, image recognition, and virtual assistant development into their systems.