Virginia-Life-Annuities-and-Health-Insurance Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance Examination Series 11-01 Questions and Answers

Virginia Code § 38.2-3115 governs life insurance settlement options. The interest-only option keeps proceeds with the insurer (option A, true), paying interest periodically to the beneficiary (option C, true, e.g., quarterly), and allows the principal to be withdrawn or redirected later (option D, true, e.g., switching to fixed period). Option B is false; the policyowner can select this option during the policy term, not just the beneficiary post-death—though beneficiaries may elect it if not pre-specified. The study guide likely explains this flexibility with examples—e.g., a $100,000 policy earning 3% interest paid monthly—noting both parties’ roles, making B the exception since it restricts choice to the beneficiary alone.

Virginia Code § 38.2-3109 allows life insurance riders to extend coverage. A family term rider (option C) attaches to a primary policy (e.g., the breadwinner’s) and provides term insurance for all family members—spouse and children—under one supplement, often with a single premium. Option A (spouse term rider) covers only the spouse, not children. Option B (children’s term rider) insures only children, excluding the spouse. Option D (survivorship term rider) isn’t a standard term; “survivorship” typically refers to joint life policies paying at the second death, not family coverage. The study guide likely describes the family term rider as a cost-effective way to insure dependents, with examples showing level term benefits for each member, making C the accurate answer.

Virginia Code § 38.2-3106 governs life insurance delivery, where insurers may require a statement of good health (option B) at policy issuance to confirm no material health changes occurred since the application (e.g., a new cancer diagnosis). This signed document protects the insurer from undisclosed risks between underwriting and delivery, potentially voiding coverage if false (subject to incontestability, § 38.2-3105). Option A (disclosure notice) relates to privacy or policy terms, not health updates. Option C (conditional receipt) is issued at application with premium payment, providing temporary coverage, not a delivery requirement. Option D (notice of information practices) informs about data use (per § 38.2-604), not health status. The study guide likely illustrates this with a scenario—e.g., an insured signing to confirm no heart attack post-application—making B the standard practice.

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

Needs analysis (A) assesses an individual’s and dependents’ financial requirements (e.g., income replacement, debts) to determine appropriate life insurance coverage.

It doesn’t eliminate interest/inflation estimates (B), require underwriter collaboration (C), or ignore Social Security (D), which is often factored in.

The Virginia study guide describes needs analysis as a planning tool to calculate insurance needs based on personal and family financial obligations, including potential Social Security benefits. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Life Insurance Planning."

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

A viatical settlement involves a terminally ill policyowner selling their life insurance policy for a lump sum. The policyowner in this transaction is called the viator (C).

The viatical settlement provider (A) is the entity purchasing the policy.

The viatical settlement broker (B) facilitates the transaction.

"Viatee" (D) is not a recognized term in this context.

The Virginia study guide defines the viator as the insured policyowner who sells their policy in a viatical settlement, typically due to a terminal illness. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Viatical Settlements."

A spendthrift clause, permitted under Virginia Code § 38.2-3122, protects life insurance proceeds from creditors or the beneficiary’s mismanagement by restricting access to the funds. It’s effective when proceeds are paid in controlled installments (e.g., options A, B, C), as the insurer retains and distributes the money over time, preventing lump-sum dissipation. Option A (fixed amount installments) pays a set dollar amount periodically, option B (fixed period installments) pays over a set time, and option C (interest-only payments) holds the principal while paying interest—all compatible with spendthrift protection. Option D (one lump sum payment) delivers the full proceeds at once, bypassing the clause’s control mechanism, rendering it ineffective since the beneficiary gains unrestricted access. The study guide likely explains this clause as a safeguard for structured payouts, noting that lump-sum elections nullify its purpose, as seen in Virginia case law and NAIC guidelines, making D the correct choice.

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

Agents must notify the Virginia Bureau of Insurance (A) of changes like discontinuing an assumed name, as it regulates licensing and business conduct.

The NAIC (B), Chamber (C), and Surety Organization (D) have no direct authority over this requirement.

The Virginia study guide mandates that agents report significant business changes, including assumed name cessation, to the Bureau of Insurance per state law. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Agent Responsibilities."

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

A continuous premium whole life policy requires premiums for the insured’s lifetime (A), while a limited payment policy has a set payment period (e.g., 20 years).

Settlement options (B), mortality tables (C), and dividends (D) are similar across both types.

The Virginia study guide distinguishes continuous premium whole life (lifelong payments) from limited payment whole life (fixed-term payments), both providing permanent coverage. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Whole Life Insurance."

Virginia Code § 38.2-3502 mandates a “free look” period (typically 10 days) for individual health insurance, allowing the insured to review the policy and cancel it with a full premium refund (option D) if returned within that time. Option A (try without paying) is false; premiums are paid upfront, refundable only upon cancellation. Option B (compare policies) is a practical use but not the legal purpose; the provision ensures cancellation rights, not comparison. Option C (change coverage) isn’t allowed; modifications require underwriting, not free-look terms. The study guide likely details this consumer protection with examples—e.g., returning a policy on day 9 for a refund—making D the precise right.

In Virginia, an insurance agent’s license is governed by the State Corporation Commission’s Bureau of Insurance under Title 38.2 of the Virginia Code. According to Virginia Code § 38.2-1819, once issued, the license authorizes the agent to transact insurance business on behalf of appointed insurers until it is terminated, suspended, or revoked by the Bureau. The license fee is paid to the Bureau of Insurance, not the insurance company (Virginia Code § 38.2-1818), making option A incorrect. Virginia Code § 38.2-1822 specifies that licenses are renewed biennially (every two years), not annually, rendering option C false. Finally, Virginia Code § 38.2-1833 clarifies that an agent needs only one license but must secure an appointment for each insurer they represent, not a separate license per insurer, making option D incorrect. Option B is the only statement consistent with Virginia law, reflecting the license’s ongoing authority unless altered by regulatory action.

Virginia Code § 38.2-623 mandates insurers to implement information security programs to safeguard nonpublic personal information, aligning with the NAIC’s Model Regulation for Privacy. These programs must ensure confidentiality (option B), protect against threats or hazards (option C), and prevent unauthorized access (option D)—all core objectives to secure data against breaches or misuse. Option A (ensure policyholder access without substantial inconvenience) is not a requirement of the security program; while Virginia Code § 38.2-610 allows policyholders to request their information, this is a separate consumer right, not a security program goal. The study guide likely details these mandates in a privacy section, emphasizing protection over access facilitation, as security focuses on safeguarding, not convenience. For example, encryption (B, D) and risk assessments (C) are standard, but streamlining access (A) could even conflict with security if overly permissive, making A the exception.

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

The entire contract clause includes the policy and the attached application (B), ensuring all terms and representations are part of the agreement.

The premium receipt (A) is temporary, the waiver rider (C) is optional, and the declaration page (D) is part of the policy, not separate.

The Virginia study guide states that the entire contract provision encompasses the policy and attached application, defining the full legal agreement. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Life Insurance Policy Provisions."

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

A single premium deferred annuity (SPDA) involves one lump-sum payment (D), with benefits deferred until a later date, not immediate (A).

Withdrawals (B) are taxable as earnings first, not tax-free. The annuitant (C) receives payments, not the beneficiary, who gets proceeds if the annuitant dies.

The Virginia study guide defines an SPDA as an annuity funded by a single premium, with accumulation deferred until payout, distinguishing it from immediate annuities. Reference: VirginiaLife, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Annuities."

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

The grace period in a life insurance policy (typically 30 or 31 days) allows the policy to remain in force even if the premium is unpaid, provided the insured dies during this period.

If death occurs during the grace period, the insurer must pay the full death benefit (face amount), minus any unpaid premium, but only if explicitly stated. In this question, no indebtedness or dividends complicate the scenario, and standard practice assumes full payment unless otherwise specified.

Option B (cash value) applies to surrender, not death claims.

Option C (face amount less premium due) is a possibility in some policies, but absent specific policy language here, the default is full payment.

Option D (nonforfeiture provisions) applies if the policy lapses, not during the grace period.

Thus, the insurer pays the face amount (A).

The Virginia study guide states that the grace period provision protects the policyholder by keeping coverage active for a short period after a missed premium, and upon death during this time, the full face amount is payable unless loans or specific deductions apply. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Standard Policy Provisions - Grace Period."

Virginia Code § 38.2-502 defines misrepresentation as an unfair practice, where an agent misstates or omits key policy details (e.g., calling a term policy “permanent”) to mislead the insured. OptionC fits this legal breach. Option A (defamation) involves false reputational harm, not policy sales. Option B (unfair discrimination, § 38.2-211) involves unequal treatment, not misrepresentation. Option D (coercion) implies force, not deception. The study guide likely warns of misrepresentation penalties—e.g., an agent fined for hiding exclusions—making C the applicable violation.

Virginia Code § 38.2-3117.1 permits life insurance policies to include an accelerated death benefit (ADB) provision, allowing the policyowner to receive a portion of the death benefit early if the insured is diagnosed with a terminal illness (typically less than 12-24 months life expectancy, per policy terms). Option B correctly identifies this benefit, often used for medical expenses or quality-of-life needs. Option A (death benefit) is paid only upon death, not during life, so it’s incorrect here. Option C (reduced paid-up insurance) is a nonforfeiture option converting cash value to a smaller, paid-up policy, unrelated to terminal illness. Option D (extended term insurance) uses cash value to extend term coverage, also not tied to life expectancy triggers. The study guide likely details ADB as a modern feature addressing critical health scenarios, distinguishing it from standard death benefits or nonforfeiture options, confirming B as the accurate choice.

Virginia Code § 38.2-503 prohibits unfair or deceptive advertising in insurance, including Accident and Sickness policies. Terms like “reductions” (option A), “exclusions” (option B), and “pre-existing conditions” (option C) are factual policy features that must be disclosed clearly under Virginia Administrative Code 14VAC5-41-10 et seq., ensuring transparency. However, “unlimited benefits” (option D) is misleading if untrue, as all policies have limits (e.g., maximum benefits or coverage caps). Advertising “unlimited benefits” without substantiation violates Virginia’s rules against exaggerated or false claims, risking consumer deception. The study guide likely warns against such terms, citing examples where insurers faced penalties for overstating coverage, making D the prohibited choice.

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

Employer-paid premiums for group health plans like major medical (B), dental (C), and HMOs (D) result in tax-free benefits under IRC Section 106.

Disability income (A) benefits are taxable if the employer pays the premium, per IRS rules, unlike medical benefits.

The Virginia study guide, aligned with IRS regulations, notes that employer-funded disability income benefits are taxable to the recipient, while medical, dental, and HMO benefits remain tax-free. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Taxation of Insurance Benefits."

Virginia Code § 38.2-3100 et seq. governs deferred annuities, where a surrender charge (option A) is a penalty for early withdrawal, starting high (e.g., 7-10%) and declining over a surrender period (e.g., 7-10 years) until it reaches zero. Option B (front-end sales load) is a one-time fee deducted upfront, not diminishing over time. Option C (guaranteed interest rate) is a fixed return (e.g., 2%), stable or adjustable, not disappearing. Option D (expense charge) covers ongoing costs (e.g., mortality and expense fees), typically level, not phased out. The study guide likely illustrates this with a table—e.g., 10% year 1, 9% year 2, 0% year 10—emphasizing surrender charges as a liquidity deterrent, making A the matching feature.

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

In Virginia, unintentional violations by an agent can result in fines, with a maximum aggregate penalty of $10,000 (C) for similar violations, as set by state insurance regulations.

Options A, B, and D deviate from this standard cap for unintentional acts.

The Virginia study guide, aligned with Virginia Code, specifies a $10,000 maximum aggregate penalty for unintentional violations, with higher penalties possible for willful acts. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Penalties and Enforcement."

In insurance contract law, per Virginia Code § 38.2-102, a contract requires consideration—something of value exchanged to make it legally binding. Option C (consideration) fits this definition: the insured’s premium payment and the insurer’s promise of coverage form the mutual value. Option A (grant) implies a unilateral transfer, not a contract element. Option B (codicil) is a will amendment, irrelevant to insurance contracts. Option D (covenant) is a promise within a contract, not the value exchanged. The study guide likely explains consideration as a foundational principle, using examples like a $500 premium for a $100,000 policy, distinguishing it from other legal terms. Virginia follows common law requiring consideration for enforceability, making C theprecise answer.

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

Insurable risks require accidental loss (B), a large number of similar exposure units (C), and measurable loss (D) to allow statistical predictability and premium calculation.

Speculative risk (A), like gambling or business ventures, involves potential gain or loss and is not insurable, as insurance covers only pure risk (loss only).

The Virginia study guide distinguishes pure risk (insurable) from speculative risk (uninsurable), listing accidental, measurable, and widespread exposure as key criteria. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Risk and Insurance."

Virginia Code § 38.2-3207 allows participating life policies to offer dividend options: option A (reduce premium), option B (buy paid-up additions increasing coverage), and option C (accumulatewith interest) are standard, reflecting insurer profits shared with policyowners. Option D (receiving the entire cash value) isn’t a dividend option; it’s a surrender or nonforfeiture action, terminating the policy, not distributing profits. The study guide likely lists these options with examples—e.g., $100 dividend reducing a $500 premium (A)—contrasting them with cash value withdrawal, making D the exception.

Virginia Code § 38.2-5208 allows LTC policy cancellation by the insurer for nonpayment of premium (option A) after a 31-day grace period and notice, a standard contract right. Option B (Medicaid eligibility) isn’t a cancellation cause; it may coordinate benefits, not terminate coverage. Option C (insurer insolvency) affects payment ability, not lawful cancellation grounds. Option D (nuisance claims) isn’t a legal basis; claims frequency doesn’t void coverage unless fraudulent (Virginia Code § 38.2-309). The study guide likely lists nonpayment as the primary insurer-initiated cancellation reason, with examples like missed payments triggering notice, making A the lawful cause.

Under IRC § 1035, certain insurance exchanges avoid immediate taxation: option B (life to annuity), option C (annuity to annuity), and option D (life to life) qualify if like-kind and properly executed, deferring gains. Option A (annuity to life) isn’t permitted tax-free; annuities (income-focused) and life insurance (death-benefit-focused) aren’t “like-kind,” triggering taxable gain recognition. Virginia Code § 38.2-3100 et seq. aligns with federal tax rules. The study guide likely explains § 1035 exchanges with examples—e.g., swapping a $50,000 life policy for an annuity tax-free (B)—noting A’s taxable status due to product mismatch, making it the exception.

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

Rebating (B) is the illegal practice of offering a portion of an agent’s commission or other financial incentives to induce a sale, prohibited in most states, including Virginia, to ensure fair competition.

Twisting (A) involves misrepresenting policies to replace existing coverage. Replacement (C) is switching policies, not necessarily with a rebate. Retention (D) is not a recognized term here.

The Virginia study guide defines rebating as an unfair trade practice under Virginia insurance law, aimed at preventing agents from undercutting prices with commission kickbacks. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Unfair Trade Practices."

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

Disability income insurance covers loss of income from accidental injuries (D), provided they aren’t excluded.

Self-inflicted injuries (A), military service injuries (B), and war-related disabilities (C) are standard exclusions in most policies.

The Virginia study guide specifies that disability income insurance pays for accidental or illness-related income loss, excluding self-inflicted, military, or war-related causes. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Disability Income Insurance."

Virginia Code § 38.2-3330 requires group life insurance policies to include a conversion provision,allowing an employee to convert group coverage to an individual policy without evidence of insurability, typically within 31 days after termination of employment or group eligibility. Option B (conversion) directly describes this right, ensuring continued protection. Option A (nonforfeiture) applies to cash value options (e.g., reduced paid-up insurance) in individual policies, not group-to-individual transitions. Option C (assignment) transfers policy ownership, unrelated to conversion. Option D (incontestability) limits the insurer’s ability to deny claims after a period (e.g., 2 years), not a conversion mechanism. The study guide likely highlights conversion as a key group life feature, with scenarios like an employee leaving a job and converting to a whole life policy, making B the precise answer.

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

An absolute assignment transfers all ownership rights (C) of a life insurance policy to a new owner, relinquishing the original owner’s control.

Option A (limited rights) is a partial assignment. Option B (premium payment) is not ownership. Option D (collateral) is a collateral assignment, not absolute.

The Virginia study guide defines absolute assignment as the complete transfer of all policy rights to a new owner, distinct from collateral assignments for loans. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Policy Assignments."

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

Employer-paid premiums for qualified long-term care insurance are treated as a business expense and are tax-deductible for the employer (B), provided the plan meets IRS requirements.

These premiums are not included in the employee’s gross income (A), as they are tax-exempt benefits under IRC Section 106.

Employees cannot deduct these premiums (C) since they are employer-paid.

Reimbursement (D) does not apply.

The Virginia study guide, aligned with IRS rules, notes that employer-paid premiums for qualified long-term care insurance are deductible as a business expense and excluded from employees’ taxable income. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Taxation of Insurance Benefits."

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

Virginia law requires due process, meaning an agent’s license cannot be revoked until they’ve had a hearing (A) to contest the charges.

Options B (three violations), C (jury), and D (cease and desist) are not prerequisites for revocation proceedings.

The Virginia study guide mandates that the Bureau of Insurance provide a hearing before revoking a license, ensuring fairness under state administrative law. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "License Regulation."

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

Group health underwriting considers average age (A), claims history (B), and occupation type (D) to assess risk, but marital status (C) is typically irrelevant for group policies, unlike individual underwriting.

The Virginia study guide notes that group underwriting focuses on collective risk factors like age, claims experience, and occupation, not personal details like marital status. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Group Insurance Underwriting."

Virginia Code § 38.2-4303 defines the HMO model, where the primary care physician (PCP, option A) acts as the gatekeeper, delivering preventive (e.g., vaccines) and routine care (e.g., checkups), and coordinating referrals. Option B (medical director) oversees HMO operations, not direct care. Option C (routine care physician) isn’t a standard term; the PCP fills this role. Option D (provider association) might imply a network, but care comes from the individual PCP, not a collective. The study guide likely explains the PCP’s central role with examples—e.g., a member seeing their PCP for a flu shot—highlighting HMO cost-control via this structure, making A the correct provider.

Virginia Code § 38.2-3209 allows a guaranteed insurability rider, enabling the policyowner to buy additional coverage at specified intervals (e.g., every 3 years or life events like marriage) without proving insurability. Option D matches this definition. Option A is unrelated; non-medical underwriting isn’t implied. Option B contradicts the rider’s purpose, which waives insurability proof. Option C is false; premium adjustments aren’t part of this rider. The study guide describes this rider as a planning tool for future needs, confirming D.

Virginia Code § 38.2-3431 et seq., aligned with the ACA, requires small employer health plans (1-50 employees) to offer coverage to all eligible employees who apply, without discrimination based on health status or other factors. “Eligible” typically means full-time employees meeting the employer’s criteria (e.g., 30+ hours/week). Option A reflects this guaranteed issue mandate, ensuring broad access. Option B (12-month waiting period) is false; Virginia and federal law cap waiting periods at 90 days (Virginia Code § 38.2-3445), not 12 months. Option C (evidence ofinsurability) contradicts guaranteed issue rules for small groups, which prohibit medical underwriting. Option D (under age 65) is incorrect; coverage extends to all eligible employees regardless of age, though Medicare coordination may apply post-65. The study guide likely stresses this inclusivity as a cornerstone of small group market reforms, making A the correct answer.

Virginia Code § 38.2-1809 mandates that licensees maintain specific records for regulatory oversight and consumer protection. Option A (accounting records of premium payments) is required to track funds received and remitted, ensuring financial accountability (e.g., premiums collected for a $1,000 policy). Option B (files of insurance applications on current policies) must be kept as part of the contract and for audit purposes, per § 38.2-1810. Option C (policy renewal notices) is required to document communication with policyholders about ongoing coverage, ensuring transparency. Option D (premium quotations of unissued policies) is not mandated; while agents may provide quotes (e.g., $500 annually for a term policy), these are preliminary offers, not binding until a policy is issued, and Virginia law doesn’t require retaining them unless they result in a transaction. The study guide likely details recordkeeping in a compliance chapter, contrasting required records (A, B, C) with optional ones like quotes (D), using examples—e.g., keeping a paid policy’s file but not a rejected quote—making D the item not required. This reflects Virginia’s focus on executed contracts over prospective ones.

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

The buyer’s guide for Medicare Supplement insurance must be provided to the consumer at the time of application (B) to ensure they understand the policy’s benefits and limitations before committing.

Option A (replacement only) is incorrect; the guide is required for all sales, though additional notices apply for replacements.

Option C (prior to payment) is too vague and not a specific requirement.

Option D (first-time buyer) is not a condition under Virginia or federal rules.

Per the Virginia study guide, agents must deliver the buyer’s guide at the time of application for Medicare Supplement policies, as mandated by federal and state regulations to promote informed decisions. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Medicare Supplement Insurance Regulations."

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

The reinstatement provision in health insurance allows a policy that lapsed due to nonpayment of premiums to be restored (B), typically within a set period (e.g., 3 years), if the insured pays back premiums and meets conditions like proving insurability.

Option A (reinstates amount after loss) relates to property insurance, not health.

Option C (change application statements) is unrelated to reinstatement.

Option D (Bureau approval) is false; reinstatement is handled by the insurer, not a regulatory body.

The Virginia study guide explains that the reinstatement provision protects policyholders by allowing revival of a lapsed health policy upon payment of overdue premiums and, if required, evidence of insurability. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Health Insurance Policy Provisions."

Virginia Code § 38.2-3501 governs health insurance applications, requiring accuracy and applicant consent. Changes or corrections by an agent (e.g., fixing a misspelled name) must be initialed by the applicant (option B) to verify agreement, as the application becomes part of the contract (Virginia Code § 38.2-3503). Option A (agent) initialing alone risks unauthorized alterations. Option C (physician) is irrelevant; medical input isn’t standard for application edits. Option D (underwriter) assesses, not corrects, applications post-submission. The study guide likely stresses this consumer protection rule, with examples—e.g., an agent correcting a birthdate, initialed by the applicant—ensuring transparency, making B the correct party.

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

In a PPO, using a non-PPO provider (out-of-network) leads to higher out-of-pocket expenses (A) due to lower reimbursement rates and potential excess charges.

Option B (full cost) is inaccurate; some coverage applies. Option C (100% reimbursement) is false. Option D (waiting period) is unrelated.

The Virginia study guide reiterates that PPOs cover out-of-network care but at a reduced level, increasing the insured’s costs compared to in-network use. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Managed Care Plans."

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

If a health insurer requires a physical exam (e.g., for underwriting or claims), the insurer pays the cost (D), as it’s their condition for coverage or payment.

The premium payor (A), insured (B), or patient (C) aren’t responsible for insurer-mandated exams.

The Virginia study guide specifies that insurer-required exams, such as for contesting claims, are at the insurer’s expense, per the physical examination provision. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Health Insurance Policy Provisions."

Detailed Answer in Step-by-Step Solution:

An alien insurer (B) is headquartered outside the U.S. but licensed to operate within it, distinguishing it from a foreign insurer (A), which is domiciled in another U.S. state.

A captive insurer (C) insures its parent company, and a reciprocal exchange (D) is a mutual insurance structure, neither based on location.

The Virginia study guide defines an alien insurer as one incorporated outside the U.S., operating under state licensing, per standard insurance terminology. Reference: Virginia Life, Annuities, and Health Insurance study guide, section on "Insurance Company Types."